MFC 004 Solved Assignment 2021-22

MFC-004
Tribes of India : Identity, Culture and Lore

Course Code : MFC-004

Course Title : Tribes of India : Identity, Culture and Lore

Assignment Code : MFC-004/TMA-01/2021-22

Coverage : All Blocks

 

MFC 004 Solved Assignment 2020-21 : All assignments are in PDF format which would be send on email/WhatsApp (9958676204)  just after payment…

Attempt all questions. All questions carry equal marks.

1. Attempt a critical note on seasonal migration as a strategy of survival for the hunting-gathering tribes of India.

A hunter-gatherer is a human living a lifestyle in which most or all food is obtained by foraging (gathering edible wild plants) and hunting (pursuing and killing of wild animals), like what most natural omnivores do. Hunter-gatherer societies stand in contrast to the more sedentary agricultural societies, which rely mainly on cultivating crops and raising domesticated animals for food production, although the boundaries between the two ways of living are not completely distinct.

Hunting and gathering was humanity's original and most enduring successful competitive adaptation in the natural world, occupying at least 90 percent of human history. Following the invention of agriculture, hunter-gatherers who did not change were displaced or conquered by farming or pastoralist groups in most parts of the world. However, the division between the two is no longer presumed to be a fundamental marker in human history, and there is not necessarily a hierarchy which places agriculture and industry at the top as a goal to be reached.

Only a few contemporary societies are classified as hunter-gatherers, and many supplement their foraging activity with horticulture or pastoralism. Contrary to common misconception, hunter-gatherers are mostly well-fed rather than starving, and tend to have a more diverse and arguably more healthy diet.

Hunting and gathering was presumably the subsistence strategy employed by human societies beginning some 1.8 million years ago, by Homo erectus, and from its appearance some 200,000 years ago by Homo sapiens. Prehistoric hunter-gatherers lived in groups that consisted of several families resulting in a size of a few dozen people. It remained the only mode of subsistence until the end of the Mesolithic period some 10,000 years ago, and after this was replaced only gradually with the spread of the Neolithic Revolution.

During the 1970s, Lewis Binford suggested that early humans obtained food via scavenging, not hunting. Early humans in the Lower Paleolithic lived in forests and woodlands, which allowed them to collect seafood, eggs, nuts, and fruits besides scavenging. Rather than killing large animals for meat, according to this view, they used carcasses of such animals that had either been killed by predators or that had died of natural causes. Archaeological and genetic data suggest that the source populations of Paleolithic hunter-gatherers survived in sparsely wooded areas and dispersed through areas of high primary productivity while avoiding dense forest cover.

According to the endurance running hypothesis, long-distance running as in persistence hunting, a method still practiced by some hunter-gatherer groups in modern times, was likely the driving evolutionary force leading to the evolution of certain human characteristics. This hypothesis does not necessarily contradict the scavenging hypothesis: both subsistence strategies could have been in use sequentially, alternating or even simultaneously.

Starting at the transition between the Middle to Upper Paleolithic period, some 80,000 to 70,000 years ago, some hunter-gatherer bands began to specialize, concentrating on hunting a smaller selection of (often larger) game and gathering a smaller selection of food. This specialization of work also involved creating specialized tools such as fishing nets, hooks, and bone harpoons. The transition into the subsequent Neolithic period is chiefly defined by the unprecedented development of nascent agricultural practices. Agriculture originated as early as 12,000 years ago in the Middle East, and also independently originated in many other areas including Southeast Asia, parts of Africa, Mesoamerica, and the Andes.

2. What are the social structures and gender stereotypes that the tribes of India use for asserting their identity?

3. What are the political processes of the Indian constitution that define the relation between tribe, politics and development.

4. Distinguish the following:

(A) Migrant laborers and tribal laborers

(B) Groups and sub-groups of Indian tribes

(C) Etiological tales and written traditions.

(D) Hunting and Gathering tribes and Nomadic tribes.

MFC 004 Solved Assignment 2020-21 : All assignments are in PDF format which would be send on email/WhatsApp (9958676204)  just after payment…

5. Write short notes on the following:

(A) Mongoloids

(B) Paraja tribe

(C) Tribes and the ‘others’

(D) Mendicant nomads of West Bengal

 

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